| 摘要: | 本論文研究的方言點為廣西省金秀瑤族自治縣，位於廣西壯族自治區中部略為偏東地區的來賓巿，與本次同行調查柳州巿及桂林巿的方言點相鄰，金秀瑤族自治縣是一個少數民族聚集的地區，區域內有漢、瑤、壯、苗等多個民族混合居住。
廣西客家方言是隨著客家先民的遷徙歷程而逐漸形成的，因為特殊的地理位置和歷史原因，使得廣西境內為多元民族環境，在多族語言的交會融合之下，形成本區客家話有別於其它地區客家話的特色用法。
本文以金秀瑤族自治縣客家話的音韻為研究主軸，以實際田野調查，來蒐集當地的語音和詞彙語料，進而爬梳整理出目前金秀瑤族自治縣客家話的語音系統，及語音發生的演變現象，並且對於詞彙做進一步的探析，將金秀瑤與原
鄉廣東梅縣、鄰近地區的客家話，及西南官話、粵語的詞彙，以各方言點之間詞彙的一致性和差異性，觀察金秀瑤族自治縣客家話詞彙變化。
全文共有六章，第一章為緒論，說明研究動機、研究目的、研究方法，並輔以相關文獻探討與回顧。第二章梳理金秀瑤族自治縣客家話的語音系統，對語音系統進行歸類整理，說明聲、韻、調系統和連讀變調、文白讀的特色。第三章透過金秀瑤族自治縣客家話語音系統與中古音韻的縱向比較，將金秀瑤族自治縣客家話與中古音韻做出歷時的比較，觀察聲韻調古音今讀的分化現象，檢視其歷時音變現象。第四章綜述第三章客家話的研究基礎，進而分析金秀瑤族自治縣客家話的聲韻調語音特點。第五章為詞彙的比較，比較的對象包括柳州的沙埔鎮、桂林的恭城縣、青山鎮，及同屬來賓巿的小平陽鎮的客家話，還有桂柳官話區的桂林臨桂官話、柳州雒容官話、粵西客家話陽西塘口方言點，以及桂林縣城粵語等地詞彙，以共時異地的角度觀察詞彙的變化。第六章為結論，總結本文研究成果，並提出檢討與建議之處。
透過研究顯示，金秀瑤族自治縣客家話在語音的演變上有存古的保留，也有創新變化的部分。聲母方面特點有(1)部分非組、知組字保留了「古無輕唇音」、「古無舌上音」的特點。(2)古知莊章大多向精組合流讀成舌尖前音-、-、-]。(3) 泥來有別，分別讀作[-、-]。(4)日母保留鼻音聲母讀音。(5)遇攝合口組非組字的「武、舞」二字有成音節鼻音讀音。(6)曉、匣母字開口讀有[-]，合口讀[-]，也有少數讀同群母塞音的存古層次-、-。(7)其中部分合口字與影母合口字的唇齒擦音[-]，已變讀為[-]。(8)疑母字與不同韻攝相拼聲母音讀較為多元。(9)保留完整輔音韻尾-、-、-，-、-、-。
韻母方面的特點有(1)金秀瑤族自治縣客家話保留一二等：元音對應。(2)果攝一等與效攝一二等韻母形式屬於豪、肴韻合流，歌、豪韻有別的類型。(3)果、山、宕三攝部分開合口字有合流情形，主要元音皆為。(4)遇、蟹、宕、山攝有合口字朝開口化發展的現象。(5)在臻攝開口發現一些有合口成分的例外字。聲調部分包括次濁聲母的聲調演變現象。
詞彙方面觀察到，由於不同語言的接觸影響後，金秀瑤族自治縣客家話的詞彙有的保留客家話存古用法，有部分來自語言接觸下而產生的借詞，也有存在少數民族語言的底層語詞彙。
;The dialect point studied in this paper is located in the eastcentral of Guangxi Province, LaiBin city in JinXiu Yao Autonomous Region. JinXiu Yao Autonomous Region is a multi-ethnic gathering district, and it is next to LiuZhou city and GuiLin, where we also studied the dialect points in our field investigation. Various nationalities, such as Han, Yao, Zhuang and Miao, all reside in JinXiu Yao Autonomous Region.
Hakka dialect in GuangXi is gradually formed through the migration of Hakka pioneers. Due to the special geographical location and historical reasons, GuangXi becomes a multicultural environment. As many different languages mingle together, it makes Hakka in this district unique from Hakka in any other districts.
The study focuses on the tones of Hakka in JinXiu Yao Autonomous Region. Through field investigation, I collected local voice and lexical corpus, and thus reorganized the Hakka voice system and the evolvement of voices in JinXiu Yao Autonomous Region. Then, to observe the lexical changes of Hakka in JinXiu Yao Autonomous Region, I analyzed the similarities and differences of Hakka dialects between JinXiu Yao and Meixianqu District, Southwestern Mandarin, and Cantonese.
There are six chapters in this study. The first chapter is introduction. It illustrates the motive and purpose of choosing the dialect in as study subject, method of study and steps. The second chapter is the system of Hakka. It illustrates JinXiu Yao Hakka ’s voice, rhyme, tone system, and features of tone sandhi and Literary and colloquial readings. The third chapter is the comparison of JinXiu Yao Autonomous Region Hakka and middle age tone. It puts the JinXiu Yao Hakka into the history of phonology. The fourth chapter is the special features of JinXiu Yao Hakka. It is also a review of the first three chapters. It reviews initials, finals and tones in order to discuss the JinXiu Yao Hakka’s language situation and change mechanism. The fifth chapter is the discussion of JinXiu Yao Hakka vocabulary. It compares with other dialect points including Hakka in Sha-Pu, Gong-Cheng, Qing-Shan, Xiao Ping-Yang, Mandarin in Lin-Qui, Luo-Rong, and Cantonese in Yangxi Tangkou and Xian-Cheng. Through comparison with surrounded dialect and underlying language’s vocabulary at the same time in different places, I reviewed Hakka’s special vocabulary. The sixth chapter is the conclusion of the study. It concludes the phonology features and lexical features of JinXiu Yao Hakka. It also reviews the shortage of this research and proposes the suggestions and directions for future JinXiu Yao Hakka research.
According to the research results, the Hakka dialects in JinXiu Yao not only have preserved the ancient voices but also have innovative changes. (1)For some part of words from Fei group and zhi group keep the ancient tradition for stress on lip sound, and sounds from top of tongue. (2) Nowadays the second level of Zhi group, Jing group and Zhuang group to be combined together to pronounce“ -、-、-”sound. (3) There are differences for the words between Ni and Lai initial groups, both of them will not be confused with each other and read as“-、-”。(4) Some words from the Jih group retain nasal pronunciation. (5) The finals in the first and third level of Zhen classifier opening mouth with the form of closing mouth sounds. (6) The words from Hsiao、Jia initial groups pronounce with the sound “-、-、-、k- and k-”. (7) A small part words of voiced dental fricative“ - ”have been changed to“ -” sound. (8) The pronunciation of the Yi initial is more diverse. (9) There is a complete preservation as to tail consonant of auxiliary sound“-m、-n、-,-p、-t、-k”. Finals include : (1) Correspondence of level I and level II o：a vowels. (2) The first level of Xiao classifier and the first and the second level of Yau classifier belongs to Hao、 Yao . (3) Opening phenomena for round-mouth characters. (4) Syllabication nasal sound“”in Fei group . (5) The finals in the first and third level of Zhen classifier opening mouth with the form of closing mouth sounds pronounce as “-un” or “-iun”. The tone part includes tone evolvement phenomena of secondary voiced sound.
Comparing JinXiu Yao Hakka with other dialects, we find out that due to the influences of different language interaction, some vocabulary of the JinXiu Yao Hakka dialect still retain the Hakka dialect, but some borrow it from others, and have the underlying vocabulary of minority languages. |
