| 摘要: | 南投縣中寮鄉全境皆位於集集大山山脈之中，南中寮屬平林溪流域，包含11個村；北中寮屬樟平溪流域，有7個村。南北因山地丘陵廣布又隸屬不同水系，南北往來聯絡相當不便。中寮鄉境內有閩南人、詔安福老客和日據時代四縣和海陸客家二次移民，然而此區的客家話在強勢語言閩南語的影響之下，幾乎已退出家庭，本論文以客家二次移民的後代為研究對象，探討中寮客家話的語言接觸現象。 研究發現中寮鄉語言接觸後產生變異的語言形式還未固定，多少夾雜其他次方言的語音特點或詞彙，常見隨機的語碼轉換，內部或個人的差異明顯可見。大致而言，可以提出以下幾點：聲母方面受閩南語影響產生-b聲母，部份中古全濁母清化讀不送氣；四縣腔和海陸腔客語融合的結果，舌尖面濁擦音j-聲母和零聲母 ? 二種讀音並存，滋絲音只有一套ts、ts’、s聲母。韻母方面海陸腔知莊章組字元音正進行-i>-?的變化，唇音之後的-ui韻正在向四縣腔的-i韻合併，且仔尾詞多被 e取代；客家話的-u韻尾消失及-m尾韻異化為-n尾，閩南語的-o元音、-u元音、-an等韻已經滲透進入客家話詞彙的語音之中。詞彙方面受到語言接觸的影響產生融合和移借，本文從部分移借、完全移借、構詞形式借詞及中寮四縣腔和海陸腔相互移借等四項分別闡述。海陸腔客語受到四縣腔客語的影響，聲母韻母趨同於四縣腔，聲調維持不變，形成「海四話」。 中寮鄉的客家話嚴重流失，南中寮比北中寮的流失情形嚴重，海陸腔客語的流失更甚於四縣腔客語。造成客家話轉移和流失的原因，有地理環境的偏僻，須靠聯庄組織與祭祀活動達到互助合作與聯繫交流，產業與經濟的發展、收養與通婚等因素，都提高了閩客語言接觸的機會；客家話的社會評價低落、再福老化、年輕學子和青壯年人口外流、華語普及等因素，更加速了客家話的流失。With South Chung-liao, containing eleven villages in the Pin-lin basin, and North Chung-liao, seven villages in Chung-pin basin, Chung-liao, Nantou County is located in the Chi-chi Mountains.Communication between the two parts is difficult due to the widening hills and different basins.Residents in Chung-liao come from Min nan People, Chao-an Hakkas, the Si-Xian and Hai-lu Hakka immigrants during the Japanese-occupied Period. However, the Hakka is not in use in most families because of the powerful influence of Southern Min. The research focuses on the second Hakka immigrants, and studies the Hakka contact in Chung-liao. The research suggests the variant language pattern after the contact in Chung-liao has not been fixed, which means that phonetic features or phrases are more or less mixed with other secondary dialects. Apparent internal or personal differences often result from random code-switching.As a whole, the researcher concludes the following: (1) Consonant is influenced by the Southern Min, thus producing –b consonant; some voiced consonant become voiceless; the mixture of the Si-Xian and Hai-lu Hakka brings about the apical voiced fricative j-consonant and zero consonant; two pronunciations co-exist with a set of ts, ts’ and s consonants; (2) Hai-lu Hakka vowel from /i/ to /?/ is changing ;Hai-lu hakka labial after /-ui / are changed into Si-Xian hakka's /-i /；Hai-lu Hakka word suffix is replaced by /e/；the disappearance of vowel coda /-u/ and coda-m change into coda-n；Southern Min of vowel /-o /、/-u / and /-an / has infiltrated into the vocabulary Hakka。 (3) Under the influence of contact, more combinations and borrowings occur in the vocabulary. This phenomenon is explicated from three perspectives- partial borrowing, complete borrowing, and morphological borrowing. (4) Influenced by the Si-Xian Hakka, the Hai-lu Hakka’s consonants and vowels are converging with Si-Xian with its tone unchanged, forming “Hai-Si” Hakka. The Hakka in Chung-liao is disappearing. The phenomenon is clearer in South Chung-liao than in North Chung-liao while Hai-lu Hakka is disappearing faster than Si-Xian.The factors that lead to the Hakka’s disappearance and transformation are the remoteness of the country, dependence on the communities’ associations and religious ceremonies to cooperate and communicate. Economic development, adoptions, and marriages increase the dialect contacts between the Southern Min and Hakka. The under-estimated social recognition of the Hakka , re-hololization, migration of students and youngsters, and the popularization of Chinese all contribute to the disappearance of the Hakka. |
