| 摘要: | 摘要
永定客家話在台灣幾乎完全退居個人家庭，加上台灣永定原鄉客家話的研究並不多，能見度並不高。因此，本論文選定福建省永定縣南部土樓的集中地-湖坑鎮，做為客家話田野調查的研究地點，希望藉由語音與詞彙的比較分析，能從語言的角度，更深入的去認識客家。
本論文共分六章。第一章緒論，說明研究動機、湖坑客家話語言概況、研究方法與文獻探討。第二章將田野調查的語料建立湖坑客家話的聲、韻、調的語音系統。第三章將湖坑客家話與中古音比較，探討湖坑客家話語音的演變和發展。第四章歸納湖坑客家話語音的特點。第五章就兩岸永定客家話的詞彙做比較分析。第六章從本論文研究的結果，提出反省與建議。
湖坑客家話語音特點有:(一)聲母部分如: 非組、知章組存古的讀法、泥來母有條件相混、精莊知章合流為一套滋絲音。特殊讀音的說明有:章組讀f-， 匣母讀k-、kh-，曉匣讀s-，泥、日、疑母讀，日、影、云、以母的-聲母、云和以母讀v-聲母。(二)韻母部分如:「o：a」元音的對比現象、魚虞有别、蟹攝的元音層次分析、合口字開口化現象、陽聲與入聲韻的歸併。特殊讀音的說明有: 遇攝的-韻、效攝的-iu韻母。(三)聲調部分:陰去歸上聲調、上聲部分歸陰平現象、次濁入有陰入與陽入兩個走向。
詞彙部分，以永定原鄉湖坑(南)、鳳城(中) 、高陂(北)和台灣永定移民秀才窩、羊稠村的客家詞彙做比較，觀察兩岸永定客家話詞彙使用的情形，發現湖坑等原鄉客家話除了保有客家次方言的一般相同的特色外，也發展出該地的特色詞彙。而台灣秀才窩永定移民的客家話與台灣客家話較接近，已非原來的永定話。第六章結論，透過實際田野調查與研究發現，湖坑客家話有創新與存古兩個不同的面貌。
;Abstract
Not many people know about the Hakka dialect from Yongding in Taiwan now because those who know how to speak it only say it at home and has rare documentary investigation in it as well. Thus, to know more about such Hakka dialect from the perspective of language, the paper will take Hukeng County, the Fujian Tulou Center in the South of Yongding County, Fujian as the on-site field survey place, to make the comparison and analysis of its phonetics and phrase.
The paper is divided into 6 chapters: Chapter One- introduction, to illustrate the Research motivation and, the overview the Hukeng Hakka, research methods, as well
as documentary investigations of the paper;Chapter Two,to create the phonetic system for the initials, finales of syllable and tone of Hakka dialect from Hukeng on the basis of the language data from field survey; Chapter Three, to make historical comparisons between the Hakka dialect from Hukeng and the ancient Chinese sounds, to then investigate the phonetic evaluation and development of Hakka dialect from Hukeng; Chapter Four, to summarize the phonetic features of the Hakka dialect from Hukeng; Chapter Five, to compare and analyze the phrases between Hakka dialect from Hukeng in Fujian and that of in Taiwan, and Chapter Six, to address the Introspections and suggestions in accordance with the conclusions.
The phonetic features of the Hakka dialect from Hukeng are as follows:
(1) on the aspect of initials: the words from Fei group , zhi group and Zhang group keep the pronunciation of ancient voiced initials, the words between Ni and Lai initial groups can do a conditional combination sometimes, and Jing group Zhuang group , zhi group, and Zhang group are combined together as the set of palatal sounds with the explanation of following special pronunciations,including the words from Zhang group is pronounced as “f-” , the words from xia initial groups is pronounced as “k- and k’-” initial and the words from xiao initial groups is pronounced as “s-” initial, the words from Yi initial, Ni and ri are pronounced as “” , the words from ri , ying, yun and Yi initial are pronounced as “-”initial, and the words from yun and yi initial group are pronounced as“ v-”initial.(2) On the aspect of finales of syllables: the contrast phenomenon of the vowel “:a”, the ancient separate yu rhyme, the analysis of the vowel level of Xie-classifier, the tendency of reading the word to be read in closed mouth in open mouth, and the combination of Yang and entering rhyme with the explanation of following special pronunciations, including rhyme “-”in yu-classifier, and “–iu” rhyme in Xiao-classifier. (3) On the aspect of tones:Yin departing is part of the rising tone , part of rising tones are belong to the high level , two trends of second-voiced entering tone: higher entering and lower entering.
In terms of the phrases, we will compare the phrases between the Hakka dialect from Hukeng (South), Fengcheng (central) and Gaopi (North) in Yongding and that of from the Xiucaiwo and Yangchou village, where the Yongding immigrant lived in Taiwan. After observed the phrase use of Hakka Dialect from Yongding in Taiwan and China, we found out that the Hakka dialect from its homeland like Hukeng and so on is not only remaining the same features as Hakka sub-dialects, but has developed its own unique phrases. The Hakka dialect Yongding immigrant spoke in Taiwan is not the original Hakka dialect from Yongding but is similar to Hakka dialect from Taiwan. Chapter Six-Conclusion, according to the field survey and research, we found that there are two different faces in the Hakka dialect from Yongding, which are the ancient tradition and innovative ones. |
