馮銓(1595-1672 年)官宦生涯的研究;A Study of Feng Quan (1595-1672) Career in Politics

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题名:	馮銓(1595-1672 年)官宦生涯的研究;A Study of Feng Quan (1595-1672) Career in Politics
作者:	張朝舜;Chang,Chao-Shun
贡献者:	歷史研究所
关键词:	馮銓;魏黨;貳臣;東林黨;明清鼎革之際;Feng Quan;Wei’s henchman;Officials of Two Dynasties;Dong Lin Tang;regime change between the Ming and Qing Dynasties
日期:	2016-07-13
上传时间:	2016-10-13 14:49:31 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	馮銓身跨明清兩朝，官職升遷始終至大學士。天啟年間，馮銓雖依附魏忠賢，但其動機是為父報仇。鼎革之際，馮銓主動選擇薙髮仕清。馮銓仕清後，為了改善清朝制度時常與洪承疇等人奏言，以及多次參與編修史書和選用人才等事務。乾隆四十六年（1781）十月，乾隆皇帝下令將馮銓列入《貳臣傳》乙編。乾隆皇帝在九年後更以罔顧名節，身事兩朝，降附後又無功績可紀，削奪馮銓諡號。馮銓雖親附魏忠賢，又被乾隆皇帝列為「貳臣」，然而他能活耀於明清官場，且得到明熹宗、多爾袞、順治皇帝對他宦績的肯定以及死後獲得康熙皇帝所賜予的殊榮，顯然他的仕宦之道有其特殊之處。;During his life, Feng Quan served both the Ming and the Qing Dynasties; his highest position was the Grand Secretary. During the reign of Emperor Tianqi, Feng allied himself to Wei Zhongxian, but his true intention was to avenge his father. On the verge of a regime change, Feng willingly adopted the Manchu queue hairstyle and gave his full loyalty to the Qing Dynasty. Thereafter, he and other officials such as Hong Cheng-chou submitted several reports to the emperors with the purpose of improving the system of governance. He was also involved in tasks such as the compilation of historical records and recruitment of talent. In the 10th month of the 46th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign (1781), Emperor Qianlong ordered Feng to be listed in the Yi Bian of official Biographies of the Two Dynasties. Nine years later, Emperor Qianlong further deprived Feng of his posthumous title due to the lack of respect towards honor and integrity he exhibited by serving two dynasties, and his lack of contributed merit after surrendering to the Qing Dynasty. Although Feng was allied to Wei and was listed as 「Officials of Two Dynasties」 by Emperor Qianlong, the fact that he was actively involved in the political arena of both dynasties, with his performance noted by Ming Xizong, Dorgon, and Emperor Shunzhi – in addition to being honored with shi hao by Emperor Kongxi – suggests that there were notable qualities in his career.
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