| 摘要: | 商輅是明代唯一一位三元及第之內閣首輔，他在仕途中曾兩度下野。天順初年（1457），石亨挾「奪門」之功開始剷除異己，商輅不畏其威勢，斷然拒絕石亨之要求，懷恨在心的石亨，因是將商輅視為政敵，唆使科道官彈劾商輅，更在英宗前建言：「不除景泰重臣奪門無名。」因此商輅即被冠上「黨附于謙，參與易儲，意圖迎立外儲」之罪，其後更被貶為平民。雖橫遭政治迫害，但商輅並未因此喪失政治熱情、治國抱負。在野期間他積極的籌謀畫策，經營人脈，維持自己的聲望，由於在朝顯貴的協助，他於成化3年（1467）重返政壇。初回內閣的商輅即遭逢北方團體彈劾，幸賴憲宗信任，加之內閣閣員全為南方人，在經過一番爭鬥後，南方人奪回主政權，而商輅亦深蒙憲宗倚重，位極人臣。成化朝可謂商輅從政最輝煌的時代，此時期的他不論在政治、經濟、軍事、文化等各方面皆有建樹。在他輔政下明朝步入安定富庶之局面，百姓安居樂業。然此際情勢卻急轉直下，西廠成為他再度下野主因。當時執掌西廠之汪直屢興大獄，京城一片風聲鶴唳，為避免西廠造成社會動盪，撼動國家根基，商輅連同內閣成員上疏請革西廠。憲宗在多重壓力交逼下，被迫裁撤西廠。其後因戴縉建言，憲宗順勢重設西廠，復加萬安、劉珝等人極力傾軋，明白自己階段性任務已告終之商輅，由是辭官返鄉，自此優游林泉，不復問朝政。商輅兩度下野期間，際遇、心志各有進境，別具特色，加上在朝輝煌政績，鼎足而三，構成完整儒臣閱歷模式，並開啟明代中葉以降官紳仿效之典型。;Shang Lu was the only “San-Yuan” grand secretary in the Cabinet in Ming Dynasty(San-Yuan, being the first in all three levels of civil service examinations). He had dismissed from the government service twice. In early Tianshun reign(1457A.D.), Shih Heng depended on his credit of assisting in seizing the scepter, so he started to eradiate people in opposite position. Shang Lu was not dreaded by his threat and refused his demands without doubt. Thus, Shih Heng regarded Shang Lu as an enemy and then instigated Ke dao guan (supervisory office)to impeach Shang Lu and suggested the emperor “eradiate the officials of JingTai reign is the priority. ” Therefore, Shang Lu was titled as a colluder with Yu Qian, involved in Yi-Chu(to alert the crown prince and intend to support another prince). Although suffered political persecution, he never lost his passion for political affairs and his ambition of governing the country. During the period that he was dismissed, he planned, built up his social network, and preserved his reputation. With the help of officials of the court, he returned to hold the government officials in Chenghua reign (1467A.D.).
Soon after his return, Shang Lu was impeached by the northerners’ group. Thanks to the trust of Xianzong and the help of the southerners’ group in the cabinet, Shang Lu became the key man of Chenghua reign, which is his gloriest time. In this period, he made grand achievement in the aspect of political affairs, economy, military and culture. Also, people in the Ming Dynasty lived in a stable, rich, and populous life. However, the situation got worse rapidly. The eunuchs caused his second dismissal. The dominator of eunuchs, Wang Zhi, captured innocent people on a large scale. People in Capital City were all terrified. To maintain social order, Shang Lu and other officials suggested the emperor to eliminate eunuchs. Under the pressure of officials, Xianzong abolished the intelligence department controlled by eunuchs. But, he soon reconstructed it because of the help of Dai Syu. In addition, Shang Lu was edged out by Wan An and Liu Yu. He realized that it was time for him to leave. He submitted his resignment and went back to his hometown. He devoted his life to the care of nature and didn’t concern the political affairs anymore. Shang Lu’s two dismissals are distinctive. He made progress in his state of mind and experience. With his great achievement of political affairs throughout three emperors’ rule. This complete experience became all civil servants’ prototype. |
