| 摘要: | 臺灣原住民作為島嶼上的初民，歷經朝代變遷、政府政策改變，土地制度產生變革。日治時期進行各項土地調查計畫，並丈量台灣山林原野，以此作為土地使用依據，並設置準存要林野，供原住民使用，也是山地保留地之前身。
1945年二戰結束，國民政府來臺接收日產，組織高山施政考察團考察山地並接收之，取消日治時期蕃地制度，改設山地鄉鎮單位，但沿用日治時期為了維護山地人民生活，所推行保留的國有土地及地上產物政策，並在1948年制定〈臺灣省各縣市山地保留地管理辦法〉。政策制定當時，對保留地的規定相當嚴格，使用上需要政府核可，才能進行開墾，又規定原住民除了不可抗力的情況下，不得使用保留地以外的區域，原住民對保留地規定不清楚，時常違規使用山地保留地；且保留地是專為山地人民所制定的政策，平地人想要進入利用山地十分不易，政策在執行時，問題紛紛浮上檯面，再加上政府尚未完成山地測量，推動上面無法順利進行，經民間反應與議員的爭取下，在1960年重新修正並更名為〈臺灣省山地保留地管理辦法〉，並放寬山地開放之標準，讓平地勢力得以進入山地，逐漸改變原住民的傳統面貌。
1966年土地測量及調查結束後，更進一步劃分土地性質，輔導原住民有效使用土地，獎勵農耕及造林。並再次修訂〈臺灣省山地保留地管理辦法〉，使得山地保留地政策開始走向解除山地特殊措施；開發逐漸取代保護政策，最後到保留地的放領讓原住民取得土地所有權。
本文主要探討1945年至1966年山地保留地政策的變遷，並利用復興鄉為例，了解保留地政策在復興鄉執行的成效；發現雖然政府制定制度立意為改善原住民生計，卻囿於原住民山區生產條件，經費不足與缺乏農耕技術，且保留地無法向銀行抵押借貸，成效有待檢討。
;Native Taiwanese, as the very first human on this island, experienced changes in Dynasties, governments, and policies of the land and the laws. Japanese did the land investigation which included measuring the area of the forests and deciding whether the forests needed to be retained. The forests are categorized accordingly, and primary retained forest are set for native Taiwanese; primary retained forests are also the forerunner of the retained hills.
In 1945, World War II ended, and the Republic of China(ROC) took over Japan’s dominion of Taiwan. They formed created the mountainous administration to check the mountainous fields, cancel the land policies, and establish villages and towns in the mountainous region. However, the ROC kept the promotions and policies that were meant to protect native Taiwanese during the Japanese dominion. They also set mountainous area preservation policies called “Taiwan Province city’s retained mountainous region regulation policy”.
At the time when the government set the policies, they were very strict about the regulation of retained areas. People need the government’s approval in order to use any lands. The government also limit the native Taiwanese to the lands outside of the retained area unless it was under extreme circumstances. The native Taiwanese did not fully understand the rules and often violated them. Plus, the retained areas were primarily for native Taiwanese, other people were not able to use the mountainous areas easily. This caused many problems when the government was promoting the policies. Besides, the government did not finish measuring the mountainous areas; after hearing feedbacks from citizens and opinions from the senators, the policy was renamed in 1960 to “Taiwan Province’s retained mountainous region regulation policy” It loosened the standard of releasing lands, allowed normal entrepreneurs to get into the mountainous area, and gradually changed the tradition of native Taiwanese.
After the land investigation in 1966, the government divided the lands based on their properties, educated the native Taiwanese on how to use the land more efficiently, and rewarded people who farmed and afforested. They amended the “Taiwan Province’s retained mountainous region regulation policy” again, which let the land reservation policy gradually change to releasing lands with special landforms. In the end, the government gave out the ownerships of the reserved lands to the native Taiwanese.
This paper mainly wrote about the mountainous region policy’s changes from 1945 to 1966, took FuHsing district as an example, and understood the policy’s effect on the district. This paper found that although the government’s original intention was to increase the living standard of the native Taiwanese, they did not consider native Taiwanese’s condition, such as their lack of funds, experiences, and techniques. In addition, the banks refused to accept any mortgage on reserved lands. The policy’s effectiveness needed improvement. |
