| 摘要: | 近年來，同儕互評被廣泛應用在教學和學習中。許多研究指出同儕互評可以幫助學習者，例如：提升學生的學習動機、增加高層次思考等。但因每一個人的背景、需求及學習偏好是不同的，所以有必要對於同儕互評是否能適用於每一個學習者進行探討，故需要從個別差異的角度來研究。在個別差異方面，本研究著重於高先備知識學習者與低先備知識學習者之間的差異，因為先備知識與學習者理解和處理資訊的方式有關。而近十幾年來，研究探討先備知識在學習者學習歷程造成的影響之研究日益增長，許多學者指出先備知識在學習過程中扮演著一個關鍵的角色，然而，缺乏研究探討先備知識對同儕互評中的得分、評分、學習觀感和學習成效之影響。
為了全面性了解此影響，本研究探討了8個研究問題，即：(1)先備知識如何影響受評者在同儕互評的過程中之得分差異； (2)先備知識如何影響評分者在同儕互評的過程中之評分差異； (3)先備知識如何影響評分者在同儕互評的過程中與老師之評分差異； (4)先備知識如何影響評分者在同儕互評過程中所評之評分分數與老師評分及學生自評之評分分數之相關性； (5)先備知識如何影響學習者在同儕互評過程中體驗之學習觀感差異； (6)先備知識如何影響學習者在同儕互評過程中體驗之學習觀感與教學活動各構面之相關性； (7)先備知識如何影響學習者在同儕互評過程中達到之學習成效差異； (8)先備知識如何影響學習者在同儕互評過程中達到之學習成效與評分者所評之評分分數之相關性。
本研究之研究對象為國中九年級學生(N=38)，依據學生以七年級6次段考之平均成績進行分組，分為高先備知識學生組(N=21)與低先備知識學生組(N=17)，實驗為期四週，時間共540分鐘。第一及第二週為傳統教學，學生複習相關學習單元，並在傳統教學開始之前、後分別進行學習成效成前測與中測；第三週為影片拍攝，學生針對生物遺傳單元之內容進行拍攝，以同質性分組的方式進行3~5分鐘之教學影片拍攝，亦即是擁有相同先備知識的學生二人為一組；第四週為影片評分，學生與老師分別針對第三週各組拍攝之影片進行評分，並在結束評分後，讓學生進行後測測驗及填寫學習觀感問卷。
本研究的結果顯示，不同的先備知識的學習者在同儕互評中的得分、評分、學習觀感和學習成效有所不同。在得分差異方面，高先備知識學習者較容易獲得較高的得分，因為他們善於開發自己的資訊處理結構，且思考邏輯較有條理；相反的，低先備知識學習者則對於課程內容了解不佳，容易提供錯誤的學習內容，因此，獲得的得分較低。而在評分差異方面，高先備知識學習者對於影片內部特徵的評分較為詳細，因此較能符合評量核心；相反的，低先備知識學習者容易忽略影片中之錯誤內容，而造成較高的評分。
另一方面，高先備知識學習者與低先備知識學習者在同儕互評中有相似的學習觀感產生，高先備知識學習者易於追求更好的表現，而產生積極的行為表現；相反的，低先備知識學習者容易受到外在學習方式改變提高學習動機。而上述學習觀感可能是造成不同先備知識學生能夠積極投入課程之中的因素之一，此有助於學生的知識獲得，使得不論是高先備知識學習者或低先備知識學習者皆能從課程中獲得學習成效。然而，與低先備知識學習者相比，高先備知識學習者的平均成績略有提高，而這可能是因為同質性分組造成所提供的不同所致。高先備知識學習者與相同程度的人互動容易觸發近側發展區的學習；相反的，低先備知識學習者並不易於從相同程度的人獲得足夠的鷹架而產生主動學習。
從上述結果顯示，不同先備知識學習者可能因為同儕互評導入學習過程中，學習者的學習動機有所提升，換言之，同儕互評對於不同先備知識學習者的學習是有效的。本研究結果有助於深入了解如何建立一個能適應不同先備知識學習者的學習系統，此外，這些發現可以指導設計師、研究學者、教材設計者與學生如何開發符合每個人需求的學習課程，進而達到建立個人化學習系統的目標，並促進未來同儕互評的發展。;Peer assessment has been widely used in teaching and learning for recent years. Many studies have suggested that peer assessment can bring benefits to student learning, e.g., the increase of learning motivation and the higher-order thinking ability. However, each individual has different background, needs and learning preferences. Thus, it is doubtful whether peer assessment can be suitable to each learner. To this end, there is a need to consider individual differences. Among various individual differences, this study focuses on prior knowledge, which refer to the way of learners organizing and processing information. Some scholars have found that prior knowledge play a key role in the learning process. However, paucity of research examined the impacts of prior knowledge on assessment scores, learning perceptions and learning achievements in the context of peer assessment.
To fill this gap, this study aimed to address this issue. To achieve comprehensive understandings, this study examined eight research questions, i.e., (a) How the levels of prior knowledge affects the scores that learners obtain during the process of peer assessment; (b) How the levels of prior knowledge affects the scores that learners marks during the process of peer assessment; (c) How the levels of prior knowledge affects assessment differences between learners and teachers during the process of peer assessment; (d) How the levels of prior knowledge affects correlations between learners’ assessment and others; (e) How the levels of prior knowledge affects learners’ learning perceptions during the process of peer assessment; (f) How the levels of prior knowledge affects the correlation between learners’ learning perceptions and the dimension of teaching activities; (g) How the levels of prior knowledge affects learners’ learning achievements during the process of peer assessment; (h) How the levels of prior knowledge affects the correlation between learners’ learning achievements and the scores obtained from the assessment.
The study was conducted for the ninth grade students (N=38). According to the average scores of the 7th grade monthly test, the students were divided into high-prior knowledge students (N=21) and low-prior knowledge students (N=17). The experiment lasted for four weeks, and in total it took 540 minutes. In the first and second weeks, traditional teaching was undertaken and students reviewed relevant learning units. Before and after the traditional teaching, students had to take the pre-testing and the middle–testing, respectively. In the third week, students made a video and the students with the same knowledge were assigned as a group to make a video together. In the fourth week, the students and teacher did the assessment separately for the videos of each group made in the third week. Finally, the students were asked to take the post-tests and fill out a questionnaire.
The results of this study showed that learners with different levels of prior knowledge obtained different scores, made different assessment, and showed different learning perceptions and learning achievements during the process of peer assessment. Regarding the scores that they obtained, the high-prior knowledge learners were more likely to get higher scores because they were good at developing their own information processing structure, and the thinking logic is more organized. On the contrary, the low-prior knowledge learners have poor understandings of the course content. Accordingly, it was easy for them to provide the wrong learning content, so the scores obtained were lower. Regarding the assessment difference, the high-prior knowledge learners have more detailed assessment on the internal features of the videos so their assessment are more in line with the theme. On the contrary, the low-prior knowledge learners tended to ignore the wrong content in the videos so that they gave a higher score. On the other hand, the high-prior knowledge learners and the low-prior knowledge learners have similar learning perceptions in peer assessment. The high-prior knowledge learners are prone to pursue better performance and produce positive behavioral performance; on the contrary, the low-prior knowledge learners are susceptible to changes in external learning styles to improve learning motivation. The above-mentioned learning perception may be one of the factors that enables all students to actively participate in the curriculum. This helps students gain knowledge so that both high-prior knowledge learners and low-prior knowledge learners can make learning achievements in courses. However, the average performance of high-prior knowledge learners was slightly higher than that of low-prior learners, and this may be due to the difference in the provision of homogenous groupings. The high-prior knowledge learners interact with people with a similar level of prior knowledge could easily trigger learning in the near-development area; on the contrary, low-prior knowledge learners could not obtain sufficient scaffolding from people with a similar level of prior knowledge.
The above results showed that peer assessment could motivate both high-prior knowledge learners and low-prior knowledge learners. In other words, peer assessment is effective for learners with different levels of prior knowledge. The results of this study can provide deep understandings of how to establish peer assessment that can accommodate the needs of learners with different levels of prior knowledge. Moreover, these findings can guide designers, researchers, textbook designers and students on how to develop appropriate learning courses that meet the needs of everyone so that the goal of establishing a personalized learning system can be achieved. By doing so, the development of peer assessment can be promoted in the future. |
