| 摘要: | 自啟蒙運動以來，所謂平等、自由、理性等價值在歐洲蔓延開來，當時的學者認為這些價值應當具備超越國家、民族、宗教等隔閡的普世性地位；並且相信人類歷史的整體發展是一個不斷進步的過程，遂誕生了進步史觀。十八世紀至十九世紀的德國知識份子非常重視事物的發展性與連續性質，認為若要深入地理解一件事物就必須從歷史著手。甚至相信我們所處時代都是繼承前一個時代的結果，便形成了歷史主義問題。
德國的歷史主義最具有標誌性意義者正是黑格爾的歷史哲學，黑格爾認為世界史的整體進程是完全合乎理性的，而且在背後有著絕對精神在推動著人類往歷史的終結而去。然而史學家布克哈特不認同黑格爾的觀點，他反對為歷史建立一套發展體系，或者假定任何歷史原則的存在。布克哈特甚至主張不應該讓哲學與歷史二者進行結合，並且進一步批判「歷史哲學」猶如半人半馬的怪物。
布克哈特否定進步史觀，主張不能以現代的價值觀對於古代妄下落後或守舊的評價；而是應當回到歷史的脈絡中以直觀掌握普遍的人性，並且以公正和客觀的態度對於古代的觀念與風俗進行考察。布克哈特反黑格爾歷史哲學的立場、以及對於人性的重視，尼采無疑是贊同的。然而在尼采看來，布克哈特的治史方法仍然是有問題的。
倘若看待歷史必然要以公正和客觀的態度來理解，那麼必然會誕生虛弱的人格。尼采主張學習歷史的意義應該是讓人們從歷史當中汲取力量，甚至在主觀的創造性中迸發生命的能動性。而在尼采看來，十九世紀的歐洲人因為過於重視歷史知識的堆砌，已經患上了「歷史學熱病」。因此，尼采主張我們除了要具備歷史性的認識，還需要培養出一種非歷史性的認識。唯有如此，我們才有可能超越歷史，進而擁有幸福的人生；而我們的國家、民族與社會，也將變得更為強健與富有生命力。;Since the Enlightenment, the so-called values ??of equality, freedom, and reason have spread in Europe. Scholars at the time believed that these values ??should have a universal status that transcends the barriers of nations, nations, and religions; and they believe that the overall development of human history is one The process of continuous progress gave birth to the historical view of progress. German intellectuals from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries attached great importance to the development and continuity of things, and believed that to understand a thing in depth, it was necessary to start with history. Even believing that our era is the result of inheriting the previous era, the problem of historicism has been formed.
The most iconic meaning of German historicism is Hegel’s philosophy of history. Hegel believes that the overall process of world history is completely rational, and there is an absolute spirit behind it that drives mankind to the end of history. However, the historian Burckhardt does not agree with Hegel′s point of view. He opposes the establishment of a development system for history or the assumption of the existence of any historical principle. Burckhardt even advocated that philosophy and history should not be combined, and further criticized "historical philosophy" as a half-man and half-horse monster.
Burckhardt denies the view of progressive history and advocates that modern values ??should not be used to judge ancient times, backward or conservative; instead, he should return to the historical context to intuitively grasp the universal human nature, and adopt a fair and objective attitude towards ancient times. To investigate the concepts and customs of the country. Nietzsche undoubtedly agrees with Burckhardt′s anti-Hegelian philosophy of history and his emphasis on human nature. However, in Nietzsche′s view, Burckhardt′s method of managing history is still problematic.
If history must be understood in a fair and objective manner, then a weak personality will inevitably be born. Nietzsche advocated that the meaning of learning history should be to allow people to draw strength from history, and even to burst out the initiative of life in subjective creativity. In Nietzsche′s view, Europeans in the 19th century had already suffered from a "historical fever" because they paid too much attention to the accumulation of historical knowledge. Therefore, Nietzsche maintains that we need to cultivate a non-historical knowledge in addition to historical knowledge. Only in this way can we transcend history and have a happy life; and our country, nation, and society will become stronger and full of vitality. |
