無人機偵查行為之研究—以美國為借鏡;A Research on the Criminal Investigation of Drone: Lessons from the United States

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题名:	無人機偵查行為之研究—以美國為借鏡;A Research on the Criminal Investigation of Drone: Lessons from the United States
作者:	蘇子鈞;Su, Tzu-Chun
贡献者:	法律與政府研究所
关键词:	無人機偵查;空中監視;隱私權;第四增修條文;合理隱私期待;科技偵查法草案;drone investigation;aerial surveillance;privacy rights;fourth amendment;reasonable expectation of privacy;the Proposed Science and Technology Investigation Act
日期:	2022-08-08
上传时间:	2022-10-04 11:16:37 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	近年來，隨著科技突飛猛進發展，偵查機關為能有效進行犯罪偵查使用科技工具進行辦案。在眾多科技偵查手段中，無人機之運用愈趨普遍，但同時也對人民基本權有侵害之虞，也因此使用無人機蒐證與人民隱私權間之保障如何達致平衡，成為偵查機關運用此項科技勢必面臨之問題。本文首先論述無人機之技術面，分別從美國及台灣就無人機之定義、類型、偵查技術進行介紹，了解其作為偵查工具所具備之優勢。其次，比較法上從美國聯邦最高法院傳統空中蒐證判例切入，並就近期下級法院做出之無人機及空中監視判決進行分析，了解美國實務隨著科技進展而對空中監視採取不同之見解。此外，藉由Carpenter案見解之脈絡，建構出無人機偵查構成憲法搜索之標準，並進一步分析美國北達科他州、猶他州、伊利諾州及佛蒙特州無人機偵查法規，做為我國立法借鏡。再者，我國部分則會探討偵查機關使用新型科技偵查方法之合憲性，嗣就科技偵查法草案進行檢討分析，提供草案關於空中監視條文之缺失及立法建議。最後，總結本文提出研究成果。 ;In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, investigative agencies in Taiwan have used technological tools to investigate crimes effectively. Among the many technological investigation methods, drones are becoming increasingly common, which also leads to the risk of infringement on people′s fundamental rights. Therefore, how to strike a balance between gathering evidence by drone and protecting people′s privacy rights has become a major issue that investigative agencies must face when using this technology. First of all, the research discusses the technical aspects of drones, describing the definition, types, and investigative techniques of drones in the United States and Taiwan respectively, to understand their advantages as an investigative tool. Next will move on to analyze the U.S Supreme Court’s precedents regarding aerial surveillance, followed by the analysis of recent lower court decisions on drones and aerial surveillance, to understand the different views as technology advances. Additionally, the research constructs the standard from the context of Carpenter that drone investigation constitutes a search and further analyzes North Dakota, Utah, Illinois, and Vermont State laws regulating drone use in investigation, which serves as a reference for our legislation. Moreover, the constitutionality of using new scientific and technological investigation methods by our nation′s investigative agencies is discussed, and then the research reviews and analyzes the Proposed Science and Technology Investigation Act and proposes legislative suggestions about aerial surveillance. Finally, we summarize the research and propose the results.
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