| 摘要: | 本文《桃園楊梅的語言分布與客語語音變異研究》共分五章，第一章緒論主要闡述研究動機與目的。文獻探討部分，筆者將介紹前人在楊梅研究的客語相關文獻，再來則是和四海話、優選理論相關的文獻探討分析，第三是客語語音變異相關的文獻，最後針對其他相關研究理論與方法進行介紹，並將本研究所使用的研究方法分類為「田野調查法」、「比較研究法」、「地理資訊系統(GIS)應用與分析法」，此外筆者亦在此處說明研究限制、說明研究步驟、研究理論介紹。
第二章則針對臺灣桃園楊梅的四縣客語、海陸客語進行更詳盡的介紹，包含了其音韻系統以聲母、韻母、單字聲調、連讀變調做分別介紹，以表格呈現，以條列式分點列出。
第三章筆者以地理資訊系統(GIS)應用與分析法整理出楊梅地區客語的語言分布，筆者在第一節先以田野調查訪談法的基礎下，先繪製出楊梅四縣以及海陸客語使用人的認知，先繪製出楊梅內部四縣、海陸客語的勢力分布。再者透過詢問近七十位鄉親客語詞彙的使用，繪製出語言地理地圖，進一步說明詞彙所形成的語言分布特色。
第四章筆者透過歷時研究以及共時研究共同探討楊梅地區客語的地理分布呈現。首先以四縣客語聲母〔ʒ〕聲母的增生為主要討論，〔ʒ〕聲母的語音出現除了是語音自身的摩擦增強外，和鄰近方言，即海陸客語的語言接觸亦是原因之一。筆者發現在埔心地區聲母除有〔ʒ〕聲母外，更有前化至舌尖的〔z〕聲母。再者是海陸客語之中多有將〔-m〕讀作〔-ŋ〕的現象，筆者推斷此與語音自身內部的演變相關，研究發現，這個語音現象在楊梅地區似乎不是大宗，就筆者的田野筆記顯示，僅有在富岡地區內的豐野里有此語音現象產生。
第五章是探討楊梅區域內部的小稱詞以及人稱詞分布，首先筆者將苗栗四縣客語、新竹海陸客語的小稱變調、詞綴變調進行說明與分析，接著從客語詞彙來探討小稱詞的使用與分布，其中在楊梅四縣客語之中，有些許詞條會以小稱變調形式出現，這樣的變調大多出現在去聲，本調為高平調，變調後讀高平降(552)調。筆者亦從海陸客語語音分布探討客語第一人稱〔ŋai〕的讀音聲調變化，這樣的變化以讀上升調為早期形式，讀平調、降調的部分為後期形式，最後，海陸客語的第二人稱亦是列入筆者的討論之中，楊梅海陸客語第二人稱讀〔n̩〕的幾個方言點應是由語言接觸所得來，為四縣客語借入海陸客語之中。
第六章是結論，除了將前幾章節統整外，筆者亦將楊梅四大區域語音的特點以條列式的方式進行整理歸類。
;The theme "A Study on Language Distribution and Hakka Phonological Variation in Yangmei, Taoyuan" is divided into five chapters. Chapter One serves as the introduction, providing an overview of the research motivation and objectives. The literature review section discusses relevant Hakka literature on Yangmei, as well as literature on Si-hoi dialect(四海話) and Optimality Theory. Additionally, it explores literature on Hakka phonological variation. The chapter concludes with an introduction to other related research theories and methods. The research methods used in this study are classified as "field investigation method," "comparative research method," and "application and analysis of Geographic Information System (GIS)." The chapter also includes a discussion of research limitations, an explanation of the research process, and an introduction to research theories.
Chapter Two provides a detailed introduction to the Si-rhen Hakka dialects (四縣客語) and Hoi-liuk Hakka dialects(海陸客語) in Yangmei, Taoyuan, Taiwan. It covers their phonological systems, including initial consonants, finals, tones of individual words, and tone sandhi rules. The information is presented in tables and bullet points for clarity.
Chapter Three, the author utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) application and analysis to organize the distribution of Hakka language in the Yangmei region. In the first section, the author conducted field surveys and interviews to ascertain the knowledge of Hakka language usage among the residents, leading to the creation of maps representing the distribution of Si-rhen Hakka and Hoi-liuk Hakka within Yangmei. Furthermore, by questioning approximately seventy local residents about their usage of Hakka vocabulary, language geographic maps were generated to further illustrate the distribution characteristics of the vocabulary formation.
Chapter Four, the author explores the geographical distribution of Hakka language in the Yangmei area through diachronic and synchronic studies. The chapter begins by discussing the phenomenon of the voiced fricative initial [ʒ] in the Si-rhen Hakka dialect. The occurrence of [ʒ] as an initial consonant is not only due to the phonetic reinforcement of the sound itself but also influenced by language contact with neighboring dialects, specifically the Hoi-liuk Hakka dialects. The author found that in the Puxin region(埔心地區), in addition to the [ʒ] initial, there is also a fronting of the sound to an apical [z] initial. Furthermore, in the Hoi-liuk Hakka dialects, there is a common occurrence of the nasal final [-m] being pronounced as [-ŋ]. The author speculates that this phenomenon is related to the phonetic development of the language. However, the study indicates that this phonetic phenomenon does not seem to be widespread in the Yangmei area. According to the author′s field notes, it is only found in the Fengye village(豐野里) in the Fugang region(富岡地區).
Chapter five delves into the distribution of diminutive terms and personal pronouns within the Yangmei region. Firstly, the author presents an explanation and analysis of the variations and affix changes of diminutive terms in the Miaoli Si-ien Hakka dialects (苗栗四縣客語) and Hsinchu Hoi-liuk Hakka dialects(新竹海陸客語) Subsequently, the usage and distribution of diminutive terms are explored based on Hakka vocabulary. In the Yangmei Si-rhen Hakka, some entries display diminutive affix changes, mostly occurring in the departing tone, where the original tone is high level and the changed tone is high level falling (552 tone). Additionally, the author investigates the tonal changes in the first-person pronoun 〔ŋai〕 based on the distribution of Hoi-liuk Hakka phonetics. This shift is indicated to have an early form in the rising tone, followed by later forms in level and falling tones. Lastly, the second-person pronoun in Hoi-liuk Hakka is also discussed, and the presence of several dialectal points for the second-person pronoun 〔n̩〕 in Yangmei Hoi-liuk Hakka is believed to have arisen from language contact, with the borrowing from the Si-rhen Hakka dialects into the Hoi-liuk Hakka.
Chapter six serves as the conclusion, wherein the previous chapters are synthesized and the distinctive features of the phonetics in the four major areas of Yangmei are categorized and organized. Furthermore, demarcation lines and lexical divergence lines are illustrated in the vocabulary representation. |
