| 摘要: | 人類能學會序列訊息中空間與時間的變化，在新的序列動作技能表現上逐漸進 步。在日常生活中透過反覆練習連續性的動作，人們可以流暢地彈琴樂器、溜 冰等。在實驗室中，序列反應時間作業是最常用來探討動作序列學習(motor sequence learning)的測驗類型。在過去文獻中，多數實驗探討隱藏在序列中的空 間性結構，但較少系統性的探討時間與空間變化對序列學習的影響。本論文的 研究目的是探討序列反應作業當中空間性序列與時間性序列訊息各自對序列學 習的貢獻以及兩者間的關係。實驗一控制不同空間序列的長度與複雜度，並計 算其在隨機序列與規則序列中的反應時間差作為學習指標，結果顯示序列的複 雜度主導序列學習的效果。實驗二比較不同複雜度序列的時間性序列學習，結 果指出時間性序列的學習也會被複雜度影響，且僅在高複雜度的序列當中觀察 到時間性序列學習的跡象。實驗三結合時間與空間的序列學習，控制兩個面向 的序列在同一複雜度下，測驗這兩個面向同時被學習的狀態，同時在異側的初 級運動皮質區上施打經顱直流電刺激(tDCS)，再與假性施打電刺激的組別比 較。學習指標顯示，施打電刺激呈現出減弱整體序列以及空間性序列學習的效 果，但時間性序列的學習指標沒有反應出有無施打電刺激的差異。實驗四更改 檢驗時間性與空間性序列學習的後測，在後測階段只保留單一面向的序列資 訊，將其與完整的序列互相比較。結果顯示時間性與空間性序列能夠被同時學 習，也發現了顯著的相關性在空間性與時間性的學習指標間，指出時間性序列 學習被鍵結在空間性資訊之中。總結來說，本研究結果發現序列學習中的時間性與空間性資訊是互相整合、而非平行獨立的兩個學習面向。;Motor sequence learning helps humans acquire new skills which require information about variation in spatial, temporal, or both domains. By repeating and practicing a series of actions, such as in dancing, martial arts, typing, and playing musical instruments, people can learn sequences of movements implicitly or explicitly and perform them more smoothly. The most commonly adopted paradigm in studying the acquisition process of sequence order is the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT). In the literature, SRTT has been mostly examined with the variation of spatial structures embedded in a sequence, but few sequence learning studies have systematically explored the impacts of varying temporal and spatial structures. The purpose of this study is to explore the respective contributions of spatial and temporal sequences and their interaction in SRTT. In the spatial domain, I controlled the length and complexity of sequences to different levels in Experiment 1. The learning effect, indexed by the difference between the Random and Regular reaction times (RTs), showed that the complexity of the sequences dominated the learning effect. In the temporal domain, I compared the learning of high and low complexity temporal sequences in Experiment 2, and the results indicated that the complexity of the sequence also affects learning of temporal sequences. In Experiment 3, I combined temporal and spatial sequence learning tested the simultaneous_ learning of both domains. Moreover, I compared the effect of applying transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralateral primary motor cortex with the sham group on learning. The outcomes showed that tDCS weakened the combined and spatial sequence learning. In Experiment 4, I modified the posttest for temporal and spatial sequence learning by maintaining the sequence information of one domain and removing the sequence information of the other domain. The results showed that both temporal, and spatial sequences can be learned simultaneously and there was a significant correlation between spatial and temporal learning indices, indicating that temporal sequence learning is linked to spatial information. Overall, this study suggests that temporal and spatial information are integrated in sequence learning, rather than being two parallel domains of learning. |
