| 摘要: | 本研究主要致力於開發有機小分子之自組裝單層材料 (self-assembled monolayers, SAM)，作為電洞傳輸層及電子傳輸層應用於鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中，並以不同核心及錨定基團 (anchoring group) 之數量分為三大系列。
第一系列以吩噻嗪 (phenothiazine, PTz) 作為核心，於碳鏈之末端接上錨定基團—磷酸基團 (phosphonic acid, PA)，首先更改鏈長以進行比較，製備出含有乙基的PTzPA-2 (1) 與含有丁基的PTzPA-4 (2)。之後於PTzPA-4 (2) 之環上進行官能基化，接上溴 (bromo)、硝基 (nitro)、甲氧基 (methoxy)，成功製備PTzBrPA (3)、PTzNO2PA (4) 及PTzOMePA (5)，以進行比較。此系列作為電洞傳輸層並應用於錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池，目前PTzPA-2 (1)、PTzPA-4 (2) 及 PTzBrPA (3) 已進行初步元件測試，其中以PTzBrPA (3) 具有最好的7.4%效能，期待後續可以進一步優化。
第二系列則是以噻吩吡嗪 (thienopyrazine, TP) 作為核心，於一端接上三苯胺 (triphenylamine, TPA)，並將另一端接上錨定基團：丙二腈 (malononitrile, MN)、氰乙酸乙烯基 (cyanoacetic acid, CA)、氰磷酸二乙酯乙烯基 (diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate, PE) 以及氰磷酸乙烯基 ((cyanomethyl)phosphonic acid, PA)，成功製備TP-MN (6)、TP-CA (7)、TP-PE (8) 及TP-PA (9)，進行元件效能之比較。此系列作為電洞傳輸層並應用於錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池。目前TP-MN (6) 之光電轉換效率高達7.7%，期待後續可以進一步優化。
第三系列同樣以噻吩吡嗪 (TP) 作為核心，但有別於第二系列，是以噻吩 (thiophene) 作為π-spacer，並於兩個末端都接上錨定基團：丙二腈 (MN)、氰乙酸乙烯基 (CA) 及氰磷酸二乙酯乙烯基 (PE)，成功製備DCV-DTTP (10)、DCA-DTTP (11) 及DPE-DTTP (12)。此系列作為電子傳輸層並應用於鉛鈣鈦礦太陽能電池，目前正在進行元件測試。
以上三個系列之新材料，皆已完成NMR與質譜之結構鑑定，也利用UV-vis與DPV鑑定光學及電化學性質，測得HOMO、LUMO以及Eg等數據，並藉由TGA及DSC檢測這些材料之熱穩定性，以及透過SXRD進行單晶結構之解析。這些新材料之元件測試正在進行中，期望藉由官能基之改變，得到優異之光電轉換效率。;This thesis focuses on the development of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of organic small molecules, which can be used as hole transport material (HTM) or electron transport material (ETM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this context, three series of SAMs are synthesized based on different cores and various anchoring groups.
The first series utilized phenothiazine (PTz) as the core, with phosphonic acid (PA) as the anchoring group attached to one end of the N-alkyl chain. To compare the performance of different chain lengths, PTzPA-2 (1) with an ethyl group and PTzPA-4 (2) with a butyl group were successfully synthesized. After functionalizing PTzPA-4 (2) with bromo, nitro, and methoxy groups, three additional SAMs were successfully synthesized for comparison: PTzBrPA (3), PTzNO2PA (4) and PTzOMePA (5). These SAM-based HTMs were utilized in tin-based PSCs. Initial testing of PTzPA-2 (1), PTzPA-4 (2) and PTzBrPA (3) showed promising results, with PTzBrPA (3) achieving a good power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.4%.
The second series used thienopyrazine (TP) as the core. The TP core was functionalized with a triphenylamine (TPA) on one end, and various anchoring groups were attached at the other end, such as malononitrile (MN), cyanoacetic acid (CA), diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate (PE), and (cyanomethyl)phosphonic acid (PA). Four SAMs were successfully synthesized to compare device performance, named TP-MN (6), TP-CA (7), TP-PE (8) and TP-PA (9). These SAM-based HTMs were utilized in tin-based PSCs. Among these, TP-MN (6) achieved a high PCE of 7.7%.
The third series also utilized thienopyrazine (TP) as the core, with thiophene as the π-spacer. Both ends were attached with various anchoring groups, such as malononitrile (MN), cyanoacetic acid (CA) and diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate (PE). Three SAMs were successfully synthesized for comparison: DCV-DTTP (10), DCA-DTTP (11), and DPE-DTTP (12). These SAM-based ETMs were utilized in lead-based PSCs. Currently, the device performance of this series is under evaluation.
The structural identification of all three series of new materials was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. To study the optical and electrochemical properties (such as HOMO, LUMO, and Eg), UV-Vis and DPV measurements were carried out. Thermal stability tests were conducted using TGA and DSC. Single crystal structure analysis was performed through SXRD. Device testing of these new materials is currently in progress, and we expect that excellent power conversion efficiencies can be obtained through end group functionalization. |
