| 摘要: | 隨著國際間持續發展臉部生物特徵辨識科技，我國100年建置自動查驗通關系統，應用臉部生物特徵辨識，提供旅客快速通關服務，機場臉部辨識系統的準確性及非接觸式特性，在新冠肺炎疫情之後，成為旅客通關最佳選擇。面對日益成長的人流，生物辨識通關科技，除了維護國境安全外，也帶來便利及效益，然而，臉部辨識技術也存在侵害隱私權疑慮，為維護社會公共利益，國家對於隱私權尚非不得立法予以限制，民眾隱私權保護與國家安全或社會公共利益之間的衡量，如何以憲法上之隱私權為基礎，做到應該有的保護規範，才能解決生物特徵科技所帶來隱私權的難題。
本文從隱私權發展談起，接著從大法官解釋及憲法法庭判決出發，兼論美國資訊隱私權及德國資訊自決權學說與實務發展，探討關於隱私權保護概念，當國家為公益目的，而需要限制民眾的資訊隱私權時，必須以法律明定，使民眾能夠充分知悉及理解，僅能為最低限度的限制，且是必要的範圍內，並應有法律依據。針對移民署運用臉部辨識系統規範與機制分析，對於隱私權保護與資訊自決權的探討，而臉部影像辨識是人工智慧的一種應用，人工智慧發展日新月異，剖析臉部辨識在人工智慧應用涉及的隱私權議題。
本文認為入出境臉部辨識系統雖已為國際潮流趨勢，但不能忽視對於個人資訊隱私權之侵害。我國以「入出國及移民法」與相關子法作為入出境臉部辨識系統之依據，建立大規模臉部及指紋等生物特徵資料庫，對於隱私權保護要求仍有不足，「申請及使用入出國自動查驗通關系統作業要點」僅係行政規則，不符合法律保留原則，違反憲法保障資訊隱私權，應修正移民法，透過制定明確且透明程序，使此套系統制度不至於受到濫用，運用足以確保資訊正確安全方式，保障民眾資訊隱私權及資訊自決權。;With the continuous development of facial biometric recognition technology around the world, Taiwan has deployed Automated Immigration Clearance System (i.e., e-Gate) since 2011, using facial biometric recognition technology to provide passengers with fast immigration clearance service. The accuracy of border facial recognition system and its contactless features allow passengers to use the system as the best choice for immigration clearance after COVID-19 epidemic. With a growing number of passenger flow, biometric immigration clearance technology not only maintains border security, but also offers convenience and efficiency; however, facial recognition technology causes concerns about infringing on privacy. In order to support public interest, the state would introduce legislation to limit privacy, with a view to balancing privacy protection and national or public interest. Based on constitutional right to privacy, necessary protection norms are developed to solve the dilemma concerning privacy protection and use of biometric technology.
This thesis explores the concept of privacy protection, starting with the development of privacy right, proceeding to Taiwan constitutional court interpretations and leading cases, along with discussions on theoretical and practical development of information privacy rights in the United States and the right to information self-determination in Germany. When the state needs to restrict people’s information privacy right for public interest, the scope of restriction must be clearly defined by law so that people can fully know about and understand the regulations. The restrictions are imposed only to the minimum extent, within necessary scopes, and should be made on the basis of laws. With a focus on the analysis of regulations and mechanisms of facial recognition system used by National Immigration Agency, and on the discussion of privacy protection and information self-determination, the thesis aims to explore the development of facial recognition as an application of artificial intelligence and privacy issues arising from this rapid development.
This thesis finds that although border facial recognition system has been used internationally, its infringements on personal information privacy cannot be ignored. Our country adopts Immigration Act and related sub-laws as the basis for the use of border facial recognition system, and has established a large-scale facial and fingerprint biometric databases, while there is still much room for improvement regarding privacy protection. Operation Directions for Application and Use of Automated Immigration Clearance System is only directions. It does not comply with the principle of legal reservation, and violates constitutional protection of information privacy. Immigration laws and regulations should be amended to establish clear and transparent procedures so that this system will not be abused. This thesis concludes that appropriate security measures should be taken to ensure people’s information privacy right and information self-determination. |
