AI自駕車侵權責任法制之研究 —以SAE分級之Level 3至Level 5為中心

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题名:	AI自駕車侵權責任法制之研究 —以SAE分級之Level 3至Level 5為中心
作者:	蔡宸語;Tsai, Chen-Yu
贡献者:	產業經濟研究所
关键词:	人工智慧;自駕車;侵權行為;產品責任;商品製造人責任;Artificial Intelligence;Autonomous Vehicles;Tort Law;Product Liability;Manufacturer’s Liability
日期:	2024-11-04
上传时间:	2025-04-09 17:28:55 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	隨著自動駕駛技術的發展，自駕車正逐漸成為未來交通運輸的重要趨勢。然而，伴隨技術進步而來的法律問題也逐漸浮現，特別是在侵權責任領域。由於自駕車的駕駛任務主要由人工智慧系統及相關軟體進行控制，而非傳統人類駕駛人操作，因此當自駕車發生交通事故時，如何判定責任主體成為一個極具挑戰性的法律課題。現行侵權法及產品責任法是否足以因應這類情境、確保受害者權益及責任分配公平，已成為法律學界及實務界的重要議題。　　傳統上，侵權行為法中的責任分配通常基於駕駛人的過失來進行。然而，隨著自動駕駛技術逐步提升至美國汽車工程師協會（Society of Automotive Engineers）標準中的Level 4或Level 5，自動駕駛系統逐漸取代人類駕駛的角色，傳統以駕駛人過失為基礎的法律責任體系變得不再適用。當車輛不再依賴駕駛人操控，而是由系統自主進行駕駛決策時，駕駛人可能僅需進行路線設定或緊急情況下的應急處理，實際駕駛行為的參與度被大幅降低。此時，若依照傳統侵權責任體系，僅針對駕駛人主張過失責任，將無法有效解決責任歸屬問題，甚至可能導致受害者求償無門的困境。此時，責任歸屬逐漸由駕駛人的侵權責任轉變為商品製造人的產品責任。然而，自駕車的製造工藝極為複雜，當車輛因產品有瑕疵所導致事故時又應如何究責，皆為本文所欲研究的內容。　　本文將透過美國與我國現行侵權行為法制之分析，探討在自駕車事故中如何分配責任，並分析是否需要改變法律框架以因應技術變遷。;With the rapid development of autonomous driving technology, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are gradually becoming the trend of future transportation. However, as technology advances, legal issues have also emerged, particularly in the field of tort liability. Since autonomous vehicles primarily rely on artificial intelligence systems and related software for driving operations instead of traditional human drivers, determining the responsible party in the event of a traffic accident involving autonomous vehicles has become a highly challenging legal issue. Whether the existing tort law and product liability law can address these situations and ensure fair distribution of liability and protection of victims′ rights has become a critical topic for legal scholars and practitioners. Traditionally, tort liability is usually determined based on the fault of the driver. However, as autonomous driving technology advances to Level 4 or Level 5 under the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards, the role of human drivers is gradually being replaced by autonomous driving systems. In such cases, the traditional fault-based tort liability framework becomes increasingly inapplicable. When a vehicle no longer relies on a human driver for control but instead operates autonomously, the driver′s role is reduced to merely setting routes or intervening in emergency situations. The extent of their actual involvement in driving is significantly diminished. At this stage, if we continue to assign liability solely based on the traditional driver-centered fault theory, it may fail to resolve the issue of liability allocation effectively and may even lead to situations where victims have no recourse for compensation. In highly automated autonomous vehicle accidents, liability is gradually shifting from the driver’s tort liability to the product liability of the manufacturer. Nevertheless, the manufacturing process of autonomous vehicles is highly complex. When an accident is caused by a defect in the product, determining the liable party becomes more complicated. This is precisely the issue that this paper aims to address. This paper analyzes the current tort law systems in the United States and Taiwan, discussing how liability should be distributed in autonomous vehicle accidents and whether there is a need to modify the existing legal framework to adapt to technological changes.
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