| 摘要: | 客家話詈罵語是客家方言中最有生命力的語言，它的範疇界定在詞彙系統固定結構中的慣用語。龐雜紛紜的客家話詈罵慣用語，因為詞語邊界的模糊性，兩值邏輯的分類系統顯得不合適，只能以認知連續體的震驚值為標準分類，並以後設語言統整為開屌（罵）、謔罵、評罵、喝咄（罵）、咒罵、辱罵及口頭禪七類。作為概念思維與人際交際功能的客家話詈罵語，兼有表層義、深層義、語法義和文化義。表層義與深層義是透過詈罵語的慣用搭配，及概念隱喻的轉換同時而層次的呈現，表層義是中介，深層義才是主要的表達內涵。語法影響著語義，語義也制約著語法。包含著實詞、虛詞，而以同詞素類型構成的客家話詈罵語，有一定的詈罵範疇，同時又因為貶抑性語尾綴詞的加入，語義改變了語法，使得北方的逆行結構變成南方的順形結構，這是客家方言與眾不同的語源特色，也是客家方言緣起南方的佐證。語言不僅是文化的載體，更是文化的樣態。無論是客體指涉、主體語用還是特徵詞彙，客家話詈罵語負載的文化訊息是：語言遊戲的模式、是自我存在的辯明、是語言鬥爭的戰鬥詞語與招數、是社會禁忌語的反動、是權力意志的展現、是客家社會的交際工具、詈罵語中的性話語是極樂的取代，而這一切無非是客家人是山居族群的映現。語詞只有在句子中才有意義。客家話詈罵語不僅要罵得精準恰當，更要罵得巧、罵得妙，那麼直接罵詈式、間接批判式、詰問斥責式、感嘆自責式、反語意會式、嘻笑怒罵式、反語疑問式等句式的選用，自然能罵得鏗鏘有力、饒有韻味。Curses expression is the most vivacious language in Hakka dialects, which is defined as idioms in the fixed structure of vocabulary system. Because of ambiguity of the word boundary, the classification of two-valued logic system seems inappropriate. Therefore curse expression can only be classified, in terms of continuum of shock value , into seven categories: Swearwords, ridiculing curse, criticizing curse, berating curse, imprecation and insulting curse. With its conceptual and interpersonal function, Hakka curse expression possesses surface meaning, deep meaning, semantic meaning and cultural meaning. Curse words in Hakka dialects are represented by the simple meaning, in which the concept of the words implies the deep meaning. In other words, it is the deep meaning that carries out the content, while the surface meaning is just served as a medium. Syntax affects semantics, while semantics also limits syntax. The curse expression with the same morpheme, which could be a content word or a function word, forms a group. Some curse expression with a pejorative suffix changes the syntax, in which northern retrograde structure transforms to southern anterograde fine. This distinctive characteristic provides evidence that Hakka dialects originate from the south. Language is not only the medium of culture, but also the form of it. No matter it is referent object、 pragmatic of subject or characteristic vocabulary, the cultural message that curse expression convey is a game of the language; a statement of self-existence; a fighting weapon in the verbal battle; a challenge to social taboo; a display of individual’s will power; a tool in social intercourse and a replacement to express sexual pleasure, which all reflect characteristics of a mountain tribe. Words show their meaning only when they are expressed in a sentence. Hakka people also use different syntax for curse expression, which displays the art and sophistication of the language. |
