泰國華人族群認同之比較：以泰國潮州人與客家人為例;Comparing Thai Chinese Ethnic Identities : A case study of Chaozhou and Hakka in Thailand

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Title:	泰國華人族群認同之比較：以泰國潮州人與客家人為例;Comparing Thai Chinese Ethnic Identities : A case study of Chaozhou and Hakka in Thailand
Authors:	劉婕;CHIEH,LIU
Contributors:	客家社會文化研究所
Keywords:	客家研究;潮州研究;泰國研究;族群認同;集體記憶;Hakka study;Chaozhou study;Thailand studt;Ethnic Identity;collective memory
Date:	2016-08-30
Issue Date:	2016-10-13 13:43:50 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	至今，有超過五千萬的海外華人居住在世界各地，海外華人必須在陌生的環境下生活，與當地族群接觸、互動。長時間居留異鄉，必須面對與當地族群的融合問題。在不同的地區或國家的環境下，每個國家的人文、政策、文化上的差異，讓海外華人在與當地族群接觸時，會因國家的政策規定或是其他族群影響產生不同的族群認同。華人遷移到泰國的歷史悠久，其中潮州人口數最高占（約56%），客家人占第二（約16%）。長期居住在異鄉，必須直接面對當地族群的統治，而泰國政府從皇室所操控的同化政策到政變後的強制隔離政策，影響著華人與泰人之間的關係。隨著語言、文化、通婚相繼被泰人所同化，而之後的第二代、第三代的族群認同也受到種種因素而有所流動或改變。潮州人在泰國華人社會占大多數，而潮州認同並沒有隨著人口數量的多寡而加深其族群意識。在面臨潮州族群的龐大之下，泰國的客家族群想要維持自己的認同與文化卻也是一個漫長而艱辛的過程，近年來，客家意識逐漸在泰國社會中萌芽，希望能夠喚起客家意識以及客家文化的傳承。外在社會多數仍以「華僑」或是「華人」做為其分類方式，因此，本論文將從潮州人與客家人這兩大族群進行比較研究，將研究目的預設為：一、泰國潮州與客家人對族群文化傳承的持續，中國文化傳統、語言等結合過去記憶，其認同發展過程中是否依然保留記憶或延續著傳統文化？二、泰國潮州與客家人族群認同的流動，在面泰國政府政策以及都市化的影響之下，其族群認同轉變的過程以及其影響的因素為何？三、泰國潮州與客家人其族群認同比較，透過兩大族群的認同比較來進行分析，來了解泰國華人的認同發展，泰國潮州和客家族群對於歷史記憶的傳承是如何建立其獨特的族群認同？對於自己族群記憶是否依然存在？本文以質化研究為主，從文獻分析、參與觀察以及深度訪談，設為研究方法三步驟。研究發現，在泰國同化政策的歷史背景下，影響泰國潮州與客家族群認同流動有四個因素：第一，泰華通婚，拉近了泰華之間的關係。第二，與原鄉的關係，與原鄉的連接加強了族群認同。第三、語言的使用，華語的禁止與使用深深影響了族群認同的轉變。第四、都市化的影響，後代出走村落，使得族群認同漸漸消失。從這些因素可以發現泰國潮州與客家族群認同的流動，透過比較發現泰國潮州人多以＂華人認同“為主，泰國客家人的族群認同較潮州人更為明顯。 ;There are currently over fifty million overseas Chinese living around the world. Because overseas Chinese have found themselves living in foreign environments and coming into contact with unfamiliar local cultures, they have often faced problems with integration. Differences in geography, culture and political structures have resulted in different concepts of race and racial identity. Chinese have migrated to Thailand for a long time. The Chaozhou population has accounted for the highest number of such migrants (56%), with the second largest group being the Hakka (about 16%). Their relationship with the Thai people has been strongly influenced by Thai assimilation and isolation policies; as a result of intermarriage and the intermingling of language and culture, the racial identity of the Thai Chinese slowly changed. Despite forming the majority of the Chinese population in Thailand, the Chaozhou group has not been able to avoid assimilation; similarly the Hakka have found that maintaining their own culture and identity in Thailand has been a long and difficult process. Most studies of overseas Chinese populations compare “overseas Chinese” with “Chinese”. This study, however, will focus on the comparison of the Chaozhou and Hakka groups within the overseas Chinese populations of Thailand. This paper examines the following issues: First, what is the status of the ethnic cultural preservation of the Chaozhou and Hakka peoples in Thailand? How successful have they been in keeping or continuing their cultural memories, practices or beliefs? Second, how fluid are the ethnic identities of the Chaozhou and Hakka peoples? How have the policies of the Thai government influenced Thai Chinese ethnic identity, and what specific factors have contributed to cultural change? Third, this paper seeks to gain a better understanding of the development of Chinese identity by comparing and contrasting the ethnic identities of the Chaozhou and Hakka peoples. How do racial identities develop, and how persistent is cultural memory? This study is based on qualitative research, consisting of three components: literary analysis, participant observation and interviews. This study found that in the historical context of Thai assimilation policies, four significant factors affected the ethnic identity and fluidity of the Chaozhou and Hakka peoples in Thailand. The first is intermarriage between Thais and Chinese, facilitating closer social relationships. The second is continuing associations relations with hometowns in China, preserving and deepeningdeepending racial identity. The third factor is control of language, prohibiting Chinese and forcing the use of the local language, causing significant cultural change and therefore changes in ethnic identity. The fourth factor is the influence of urbanization, resulting in the loss of village life and the intermingling of cultures in large urban environments. This study found that the Chaozhou and Hakka peoples in Thailand still strongly identified as "Chinese", with the Hakka having a notably stronger sense of connection to Chinese ethnic identity than the Chaozhou.
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