| 摘要: | 系統為分析投入產出之間的關係，學者應用系統的概念解釋國家之經濟、技術發展而出現創新系統的理論。國家創新系統基於每個國家獨特的歷史及地理條件，產生獨特的創新發展模式，系統運作由多個成員、環境條件及成員之間連結所組成，亦即國家或產業之創新成果並非僅來自於單一企業或機構，而是一複合、系統性的機制所綜合得出的。衡量多重面向之國家創新系統並不容易，但是各國可藉由了解其在全球之相對效率為何，進而評估該國之優勢及劣勢，以擬定其未來政策之方針。系統效率若僅以單一指標進行評估，往往造成偏誤或失真，無法呈現完整訊息，因此本研究利用二階段資料包絡分析法概念，應用於2005年資料衡量全球30個主要國家之國家創新系統相對效率。透過二階段模型衡量各國國家創新系統促使新知識產生之「創新效率」，以及新知識產生後在系統中擴散並轉化為經濟成果之「經濟效率」，較傳統一階段分析多得到後半段經濟效率之資訊。研究結果發現，30個國家之創新效率表現較經濟效率佳，但創新效率表現優異之國家其經濟效率不見得表現較佳。就規模效率來說，在第一階段創新效率七成以上國家處於規模報酬遞增，宜增加資源投入擴大其規模，在第二階段經濟效率七成以上國家處於規模報酬遞減，應轉移投入資源重視科學期刊、專利的品質，以質的提昇來取代量的增加，來縮減其規模以達規模經濟。就區域別而言，北美創新效率較其他區域佳，歐洲經濟效率較其他區域佳，亞洲則創新效率及經濟效率都表現優異。最後，本研究以差額變數分析及敏感度分析作為績效改善之參考依據，結果發現影響30個樣本國家創新效率的重要因素為研發人員數，影響經濟效率的重要因素為科學期刊篇數。 The concept of system is to analyze the relationship between the inputs and outputs. The scholars utilized the concept of system to explain the economy and technical development of the countries, which inspired innovation system theory. The national innovation system develops in its unique way to innovate based on each country's unique historical and geographical conditions. Systematic operation consists of many elements, environmental circumstances, and the linkage among elements. Namely, the innovative achievement of a country or industry does not come from a single enterprises or organization, but from a complex, systemic mechanism. To measure the multidimensional national innovation system is difficult. However, by understanding its global relative efficiency, a country can assess its strength and weakness in order to set the direction of future policies. System efficiency is often distorted when assessed by a single index, which is unable to present complete information. Therefore, this research utilized two-stage data envelopment analysis to measure the relative efficiency of the national innovation system of 30 main countries in the world in 2005. Through the two-stage model, this research measured the innovation efficiency of new knowledge production fostered by national innovation systems of various countries and the economic efficiency of economic achievements converted from the spread of new knowledge. We procured extra information about the economic efficiency over the traditional analysis through the two-stage model. From the study, the 30 countries displayed better innovation efficiency than economic efficiency, but countries with excellent innovation efficiency did not necessarily display superior economic efficiency. As to economies of scale, more than 70% of the countries retained increasing returns to scale at the first stage, so they should increase the input of resources to expand the scale. Nonetheless, more than 70% of the countries incurred decreasing returns to scale at the second stage. As a result, they are suggested to focus the use of resources on the quality of scientific journals and patents instead of on the increase in quantity in order to achieve economies of scale. With respect to area, North America had better innovation efficiency, and Europe had better economic efficiency, while Asia excelled in both. Finally, we found that for the 30 samples, an important factor of innovation efficiency is the number of researchers, while a major factor of economic efficiency is the number of scientific journal papers. |
