| 摘要: | 由於全球暖化所引起之各種氣候變遷與燃料短缺等問題，太陽能產業成為世界上最具爆發性且乾淨的能源產業之一。但太陽能發電系統設備之化學原料對人體危害甚大，且占地龐大，而當這些設備的發電效率不佳或壽命已達終點時，不良之設備與廢棄產品的處理即是一大問題。因此，本文首先建立一3*3之評估矩陣，使太陽能產業供應鏈與逆物流流程整合，以達有效的處理不良之硬體與廢棄產品。且為了評估太陽能產業鏈整合逆物流之最佳方案，透過文獻探討、德菲法、專家訪談與四分位差收歛，獲得太陽能產業導入逆物流時之20個關鍵重要因素，建構逆物流效益評估模式。藉由網路分析法(Analytic Network Process; ANP)求得各因素權重及排序，以獲得最佳方案，再透過Spearman等級相關檢定逆物流三階段之結合性。3*3評估矩陣最佳方案之結果為太陽能產業上游之逆物流三階段為「企業自行處理」，且關鍵重要因素為「提升財務與經濟利潤」、「降低生產成本」及「設備成本」；中游之逆物三階段為「委外處理」，且關鍵重要因素為「提升財務與經濟利潤」、「降低生產成本」及「降低生產成本」；下游之逆物流三階段亦為「委外處理」，且關鍵重要因素為「降低生產成本」、「降低生產成本」及「降低生產成本」。Spearman等級相關針對逆物流三階段之評估矩陣之結合性進行相關分析。結果可分三個群組，群組一為「上游的蒐集、檢查與前置處理」；群組二為「中游與下游的蒐集與檢查」；群組三為「中游與下游的前置處理」。群組一主要原因為上游原料成本極高，但可透過回收及處理技術將不良之太陽能設備進行分離以獲取上游所需之原料，不僅能夠降低上游原料成本還可從中獲取高額利潤。群組二理由為中游與下游在太陽能產業鏈當中屬於系統周邊設備的模組加工及組裝，而太陽能產業中下游之不良設備經回收再處理之後所得到的產物價值低廉，對中下游來說是無利潤可言。另外，中下游之蒐集與檢查之運輸成本與人力成本權重較高，顯然無法對中下游有效降低成本與提高利潤，因此，中下游廠商應將不良之設備以廢棄物處理的方式委外逆物流專業廠商，由逆物流專業廠商進行蒐集與檢查的流程，如此可透過轉賣提高廠商的回收利潤。群組三主要原因在於太陽能產業鏈中下游之設備回收處理後之產出價值不高，所以最佳方案為委外，雖然最佳方案與群組二相同，但因前置處理階段的處理過程所需的技術性、設備成本和機會成本比蒐集與檢查來的高及複雜，因此，中下游之前置處理流程應獨立委外進行技術性處理以降低成本。With the increasing effects of drastic climate changes and fuel shortage caused by global warning, the photovoltaic (PV) industry has become the most rapid-growing and clean energy industry around the world. Because photovoltaic facilities are high-tech products, the chemical materials used in these systems pose a threat to our lives and need a large space for storage. Besides, these facilities may become efficient or reach the end of their lifetime one day. How to handle inefficient facilities and their waste products is also a problem. In modern days, businesses have to integrate reverse logistics into waste handling according to environmental changes and laws. Evaluation of optimal resolutions of reverse logistics has therefore become an important issue for the PV industry. Due to the complicated nature of this industry and the processes of reverse logistics, the relevance of the optimal solution to the industry’s structure is also of high importance. Therefore, this study first built a 3x3 evaluation matrix that integrates supply chain and reverse logistics of the PV industry to find solutions of handling of inefficient hardware and waste. Later, in order to find an optimal solution of reverse logistics, this study obtained 20 key factors affecting implementation of reverse logistics and developed a reverse logistics evaluation model for this industry based on convergence of findings from previous literature, Delphi method, expert interview, and quartile deviation. Finally, this study estimated the weight and ranking of each factor using network analysis to derive the optimal solution. The 3x3 evaluation matrix suggested that upstream firms in the PV industry handled reverse logistics by themselves, while midstream and downstream firms tended to outsource these tasks to other firms. This study further analyzed correlations in the matrix using Spearman Rank Correlation. The results could be divided into three groups: (1) collection, inspection, and preprocessing in the upstream, (2) collection and inspection in the midstream and downstream, and (3) preprocessing in the midstream and downstream. The first group showed that due to the high cost of raw materials, upstream firms can use recycling technologies to extract raw or other useful materials from inefficient facilities. This action could reduce their cost of raw materials and even bring them high profits. The second group indicated midstream and downstream firms in the PV industry were mainly responsible for production and assembly of peripheral modules. For them, recycling and reusing products from inefficient facilities is not cost-effective and profitable at all. Besides, collection and inspection operations require more transport and labor costs and obviously cannot help them reduce cost and increase profits effectively. Therefore, midstream and downstream firms in this industry should outsource waste handling operations and sell waste to recycling firms. This action can result in a cost reduction and even a profit increase. The third group was based on the same reason. The output value of recycling for midstream and downstream firms is low, so outsourcing is the optimal solution for them. However, waste preprocessing is more complicated than collection and inspection and requires higher technical, hardware, and opportunity costs. Hence, midstream and downstream firms should outsource preprocessing operations for the purpose of cost reduction. |
